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Paternity Tests and Kinship Tests

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Paternity Testing (STR)

Paternity testing is a test used to verify parenthood by analyzing the STR genotype of the father, mother and the child to verify whether their genotypes match on the basis of statistical analysis.

  • - Principle of testingThe cells that constitute the human body contain 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent. Paternity testing uses such genetic characteristics to examine whether the genotype of the child matches those of his or her parents and indicates the matching possibility by a probability value.
    DowGene, DowGene DNA Testing Company examines the gene locus of 16 to 23 STR genes, including sex chromosomes, and acknowledges the paternity when the probability value is 99.9% or more.
  • - Testable specimens Blood, hair with roots, oral epithelial cells, saliva, blood, toothbrushes, nails, body fluid-stained clothing, chewing gum, cigarette butts, etc.
  • - Test Procedures Request for testing → Test collection kit shipping → Collection of specimen and acceptance of application → DNA extraction → PCR amplification → Genotype analysis and interpretation → Notification of results
  • - Test Results DowGene, DowGene DNA Testing Company examines the gene locus of 16 to 23 STR genes, including sex chromosomes, and acknowledges the paternity when the probability value is 99.9% or more.
    However, we investigate the possibility of mutation when a disagreement is found in one or two of the gene locuses.
  • - Application Cases for Paternity Testing
    • • When paternity confirmation is required to correct the family record
    • • When paternity confirmation is required to acquire nationality
    • • When the submission of paternity confirmation documents to public institutions is required
    • • Other cases that requires paternity testing to determine kinship
  • Paternity Testing (STR)

Paternal Line Testing for Male (Y-Chromosome DNA Testing / Y-STR)

Y-STR testing is a test used to verify the paternal line relationship by testing the STR on Y-chromosome that is inherited from the grandfather through the father to the son.

  • - Principle of testing The male shows XY allosomes, and the Y chromosome only exists in the male and is inherited by a son.
    As the son hands his Y chromosome down to his own son, all the males in the same family come to have the same Y-chromosome. Therefore, Y-STR testing using the Y chromosome is a test to verify the paternal line relationship of a male person by testing the Y chromosome-specific STR genotype.
  • - Testable specimens Blood, hair with roots, oral epithelial cells, saliva, blood, toothbrushes, nails, body fluid-stained clothing, chewing gum, cigarette butts, etc.
  • - Test Procedures Request for testing → Test collection kit shipping → Collection of specimen and acceptance of application → DNA extraction → PCR amplification → Genotype analysis and interpretation → Notification of results
  • - Test Results DowGene, DowGene DNA Testing Company examines the gene locus of a total of 17 Y-STR genes and acknowledges the paternal line relationship when the gene locus of all Y-STR genes tested matches.
    However, the paternal line relationship is not established when disagreement is detected in two or more of the Y-STR genes tested. In the case of a disagreement detected in one Y-STR gene, the possibility of mutation will also be investigated.
  • - Application cases of Y-STR testing
    • • In the case of the nonexistence of a real father, when the demonstration of a paternal line relationship such as grandfather, grandson, or brothers is required
    • • When the demonstration of a paternal line relationship is required to correct the family record
    • • When the demonstration of a paternal line relationship is required to acquire nationality
    • • When the submission of paternal line relationship confirmation documents to public institutions is required
  • Paternal Line Testing for Male (Y-Chromosome DNA Testing / Y-STR)

Paternal Line Testing for Female (X-Chromosome Testing / X-STR)

X-STR testing is a test used to verify the paternal line relationship of a female person by testing the STR on the X chromosome.

  • - Principle of testing As the male shows XY allosomes, while the female shows XX allosomes, the male has a single allele on the STR gene locus, while the female has two alleles.
    As a female person inherits one allele from her mother and the other from her father, she comes to have an allelomorphic character that is shared on the STR gene locus existing in the X chromosome. The analysis of X-STR on the X chromosome using such genetic characteristics enables the verification of a paternal line relationship for a female person.
  • - Testable specimens Blood, hair with roots, oral epithelial cells, saliva, blood, toothbrushes, nails, body fluid-stained clothing, chewing gum, cigarette butts, etc.
  • - Test Procedures Request for testing → Test collection kit shipping → Collection of specimen and acceptance of application → DNA extraction → PCR amplification → Genotype analysis and interpretation → Notification of results
  • - Test Results DowGene DNA Testing Company investigates and analyzes the X-STR genotype existing in the X chromosome to prove the paternity or patrilineal relation of a female such as half-sister, grandmother, or granddaughter.
  • - Application cases of Y-STR testing
    • • When the demonstration of patrilineal relation is required for a female, such as grandmother, granddaughter, or half-sister, in case of the absence of the real father
    • • When the demonstration of patrilineal relation for a female is required to correct her family record
    • • When the demonstration of patrilineal relation for a female is required to acquire nationality
    • • When the submittal of patrilineal relation confirmation documents to public institutions are required
  • Paternal Line Testing for Female (X-Chromosome Testing / X-STR)

Maternal Line Testing (Mitochondria DNA Testing/ mtDNA)

mtDNA testing is a test used to verify the maternal line relationship by examining mitochondrial DNA, which features characteristics that are inherited from a mother by her children.

  • - Principle of testing most of the cell, and the other is DNA that exists in the mitochondria in the cytoplasm, which accounts for only a small portion of the cell. When insemination is made in the cell, a sperm penetrates into the egg and it delivers only the DNA of the cell nucleus, but not the DNA of mitochondria.
    Therefore, the genetic information in the Mitochondrial DNA depends entirely on the egg cell, which means the mitochondria DNA on the maternal side, which results in a unique maternal genetic phenomenon. The Mitochondrial DNA featuring such maternally inherited characteristics is inherited from the maternal grandmother through the mother and her brothers and sisters, and by her sons and daughters. Therefore, the analysis of Mitochondrial DNA enables the verification of a maternal line relationship.
  • - Testable specimens Blood, hair with roots, oral epithelial cells, saliva, blood, toothbrushes, nails, body fluid-stained clothing, chewing gum, cigarette butts, etc.
  • - Test Procedures Request for testing → Test collection kit shipping → Collection of specimen and acceptance of application → DNA extraction → PCR amplification of over-modified area in the mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) → Analysis and interpretation of base sequence → Notification of results
  • - Results of Analysis on Base Sequence of Mitochondrial DNA An identical maternal line relationship is established when the analysis of the base sequence in HV I and II areas with over-modification in the Mitochondrial DNA reveals that all base sequences tested agree.
    However, the maternal line relationship is not established when a disagreement is detected in two or more of the bases tested. In the case of a disagreement detected in one base, the possibility of mutation will also be investigated.
  • PMaternal Line Testing (Mitochondria DNA Testing/ mtDNA)
  • - Application cases of maternal line testing
    • • When the demonstration of a maternal line relationship such as maternal grandmother, maternal cousins, brother and sisters is required
    • • When correction of the family register is required
    • • When kinship confirmation is required to acquire nationality
    • • When the submission of paternity confirmation documents to public institutions is required

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